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21.
Steven C. Schimmel James M. Patrick Linda F. Faas Jerry L. Oglesby Alfred J. Wilson 《Estuaries and Coasts》1979,2(1):9-15
Two long-term studies were conducted to determine toxicity, uptake and depuration of Kepone in blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). In the first, Kepone was administered to crabs in seawater (0.03 or 0.3 μg Kepone/I) or food (eastern oyster,Crassostrea virginica, containing 0.25 μg/g Kepone). Uptake of Kepone in 28 days was primarily through the contaminated oysters. When these crabs were held in Kepone-free seawater and fed Kepone-free oysters for 28 days, no loss of the insecticide was evident. There were adverse effects on molting and survival in crabs fed oysters that contained 0.25 μg/g Kepone. A second study was conducted to determine: (1) the depuration of Kepone over a 90-day period in blue crabs fed oysters from the James River, Virginia (containing 0.15 μg/g Kepone); and (2) the effects of Kepone on molting and survival of blue crabs fed James River oysters or laboratory-contaminated oysters that contained 0.15 or 1.9 μg/g Kepone. Crabs fed Kepone-contaminated oysters followed by a diet of Kepone-free oysters for 90 days had detectable concentrations of the insecticide in tissues. Also, blue crabs that ate oysters containing Kepone in concentrations similar to those found in oysters from the James River, died or molted less frequently than crabs fed Kepone-free oysters meats. 相似文献
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Axiothella serrata n. sp. (Polychaeta: Maldanidae) is described and illustrated from intertidal sands of Porirua Harbour, New Zealand (41° 6′ S, 174° 52′ E). It has 22 setigerous segments, and lacks asetigerous preanal segments; the mid‐ventral anal cirrus is conspicuously lengthened. The species is compared with other Axiothella species. A. catalinia Hartman, 1969 is herein transferred to Maldanella. 相似文献
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Site assessment and monitoring data were analyzed for 26 stream restoration projects in North Carolina where the channel was
reconfigured. Post-project changes in channel capacity were highly variable from site to site, but more than 60% of the projects
underwent, on average at a given site, at least a 20% change in channel capacity. An analysis of site and basin geomorphology
revealed that large post-construction adjustments were associated with highly dynamic stream channels characterized by a combination
of high sediment transport capacity, large sediment supply, and/or easily eroded bank materials. In-stream structures along
dynamic, reconfigured channels also exhibited high incidences of damage. Thus, the design and construction of channels in
a state of equilibrium, which do not exhibit excessive erosion or deposition along highly dynamic rivers is currently problematic.
In light of these findings, a conceptual framework based on geomorphic parameters is put forth to assess the likelihood of
project success early in the design process to (1) eliminate high risk sites from consideration of channel reconfiguration
and (2) improve upon the implemented management strategies that are ultimately used. It is also argued that where space permits
an enhanced natural channel, adjustment approach is likely to be more effective than projects based on natural channel design. 相似文献
27.
Yaling Liu Qianlai Zhuang Zhihua Pan Diego Miralles Nadja Tchebakova David Kicklighter Jiquan Chen Andrey Sirin Yujie He Guangsheng Zhou Jerry Melillo 《Climatic change》2014,125(3-4):413-427
We introduce a probabilistic framework for vulnerability analysis and use it to quantify current and future vulnerability of the US water supply system. We also determine the contributions of hydro-climatic and socio-economic drivers to the changes in projected vulnerability. For all scenarios and global climate models examined, the US Southwest including California and the southern Great Plains was consistently found to be the most vulnerable. For most of the US, the largest contributions to changes in vulnerability come from changes in supply. However, for some areas of the West changes in vulnerability are caused mainly by changes in demand. These changes in supply and demand result mainly from changes in evapotranspiration rather than from changes in precipitation. Importantly, changes in vulnerability from projected changes in the standard deviations of precipitation and evapotranspiration are of about the same magnitude or larger than those from changes in the corresponding means over most of the US, except in large areas of the Great Plains, in central California and southern and central Texas. 相似文献
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The proportional contributions of stream bank and surface sources to fine sediment loads in watersheds in New York State were quantified with uncertainty analysis. Eroding streamside glacial drift, including glaciolacustrine deposits, were examined to help explain variations in the proportional contributions made by bank erosion. Sediment sources were quantified by comparing concentrations of the bomb‐derived radionuclide 137Cs in fluvial sediment with sediment from potential source areas such as agricultural soils, forest soils and stream banks. To compare sediment sources in streams containing abundant deposits of fine‐grained glacial drift with watersheds that lacked moderate or extensive streamside deposits, samples were taken from 15 watersheds in the region. The mean contribution of bank erosion to sediment loads in the six streams with glaciolacustrine deposits was 60% (range 46–76%). The proportional contribution of bank erosion was also important in one stream lacking glaciolacustrine deposits (57%) but was less important in the remainder, with contributions ranging from 0 to 46%. Data from this study on the varying contributions of bank erosion and data from past studies of sediment yield in 15 watersheds of New York State suggest that eroding streamside glacial deposits dominate sediment yield in many watersheds. In other watersheds, past impacts to streams, such as channelization, have also resulted in high levels of bank erosion. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
29.
Jerry Edelstein Stuart Bowyer Eric J. Korpela Michael Lampton JoaquÍn Trapero José F. Gómez Carmen Morales Veronica Orozco 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,276(1):177-185
The hot interstellar medium (ISM) has far-reaching effect upon thestructure of galaxies. Although ISM heating processes are fairly wellunderstood, after decades of study, the processes that cool the hotinterstellar medium remain obscure. The EURD spectrograph was designed tomeasure the diffuse cosmic background from 350 to 1100 Å in order tostudy the hot ISM and the mechanisms by which it sheds its energy. Wepresent the first analysis of EURD observations of the cosmic background.These EURD observations have proven to be far more sensitive than previouswork; compared to previous results, we have improved the limits to theintensity of 450 to 900 Å line emission from the ISM by one to twoorders of magnitude. Our limit to OVI 1032 Å / 1038 Å doublet of 7900ph s-1 cm-2 str-1 is the lowest yet reported. The EURDlimits to line emission are less intense than predicted by a varietytheoretical models of the local ISM. 相似文献
30.
A laser altimeter, making 4000 measurements per second, was used to measure channel and gully morphology. The laser measurements provide quick, accurate and readily obtained data on the cross-section and morphology of channels and gullies in relation to the adjacent landscape. Although ground based techniques can be used to make these measurements, using a laser altimeter mounted in an aircraft allows data to be collected faster, with greater density and detail, and in areas with limited access for ground surveys. The laser altimeter data are valuable for measuring channel and gully cross-sections and roughness in relation to the surrounding landscape, for assessing soil loss from gullies and channels, and for providing input to the understanding of gully and channel dynamics in the landscape. 相似文献